Jesse L. Jackson The Death Penalty - 1543 Words

Reverend Jesse L. Jackson Sr., the former presidential candidate of the United States of America, writes Legal Lynching The Death Penalty And American’s Future. Jesse L. Jackson, Sr., wrote this book in the company of his son Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., a United State congressman from Illinois since 1995, Additionally, Nation writer Bruce Shapiro, a contributing editor at National and a national correspondent for Salon.com, and the professor at Yale University. In this book Jackson’s helped to create the book and his moderated argument about the death penalty. There are nine chapters in this book; each chapter tackles a different facet of the argument. This book describes the history of the death penalty, myths, lies and deterrence, bureaucratic nightmare involving defense lawyers sleeping at trial, â€Å"A Question of Innocent,† â€Å"False Closure: Victims Rights Versus Vengeance Rights†, â€Å"Social of Executioners† and â€Å"The Death Penalty and A merican’s Future: Moratorium and Beyond. The authors begin with the proposal of a moratorium and could lead to the eventual cessation of capital punishment. When European colonists came to the America, they brought the tradition of capital punishment. Capital punishment came on the North American shore with the British colonies. The first recorded case of capital punishment was established in the new colonies. Captain George Kendall was first executed in 1608 in the Jamestown colony of Virginal Unite State. First execution was by hanging to theShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Lynching The Death Penalty And American s Future `` By Jesse L. Jackson1426 Words   |  6 PagesReverend Jesse L. Jackson Sr., the former presidential candidate, writes â€Å"Legal Lynching The Death Penalty And American’s Future†. Jesse L. Jackson, Sr., wrote this book in the company of his son Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., a United State congressman from Illinois since 1995, and Nation writer Bruce Shapiro a contributing editor at National and a national correspondent for Salon.com, and the professor at Yale University. In this book Jackson’s keep his mo derated argument about the death penalty. There areRead MoreLegal Lynching The Death Penalty And American s Future1448 Words   |  6 PagesShree Siwakoti Professor: Dr. Jawjeong Wu CRJ 408 Death Penalty Date: 05/12/2015 Book Review: Legal Lynching The Death Penalty And American’s Future The Reverend Jesse L. Jackson Sr., the former presidential candidate, writes â€Å"Legal Lynching The Death Penalty And American’s Future†. Jesse L. Jackson, Sr., wrote this book in the company of his son Jesse L. 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The Critical Path Method ( Cpm ) - 1023 Words

Project Management Imani Jackson, Harley Jensen, Stephen Cimino University of Bridgeport Introduction: In almost every business, project management is critically important. The critical path method (CPM) will provide a timeline for the project manager for when tasks should be completed. In addition, providing a deadline and the negative effects it will have on the following successors if not completed on time. These many task are interdepended. Therefore, the CPM provides the start and finishes times of the tasks, and identifies the few tasks on the critical path that the project manager should observe to determine which task needs the most attention. Already discovering and incorporating the details the task or assignments may require, CPM calculates all task times, which can be measured in hours, days, weeks, and months. For any unintended manually input errors, a warning message will be provided. 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The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Three Free Essays

Five miles away, in a small posting inn, a man sat in his room, alone, with a bottle of expensive French brandy, an empty glass, a very small case of clothing, and a woman’s ring. His name was Jack Audley; formerly Captain John Audley of His Majesty’s army; formerly Jack Audley of Butlersbridge, County Cavan, Ireland; formerly Jack Cavendish-Audley of the same place; and formerly – as formerly as one could get, as it was at the time of his christening – John Augustus Cavendish. The miniature had meant nothing to him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now He could barely see it in the night, and he’d yet to find a portraitist who could capture a man’s essence on a miniature painting, anyway. But the ring†¦ With an unsteady hand, he poured himself another drink. He hadn’t looked closely at the ring when he took it from the old lady’s hands. But now, in the privacy of his rented room, he’d looked. And what he’d seen had shaken him to his bones. He’d seen that ring before. On his own finger. His was a masculine version, but the design was identical. A twisted flower, a tiny swirled D. He’d never known what it meant, as he’d been told that his father’s name was John Augustus Cavendish, no capital D’s to be found anywhere. He still didn’t know what the D stood for, but he knew that the old lady did. And no matter how many times he tried to convince himself that this was just a coincidence, he knew that this evening, on a deserted Lincolnshire road, he’d met his grandmother. Good Lord. He looked down at the ring again. He’d propped it up on the table, its face winking up at him in the candlelight. Abruptly, he twisted his own ring and yanked it off. He couldn’t remember the last time his finger had been bare. His aunt had always insisted that he keep it close; it was the only keepsake they had of his father. His mother, they told him, had been clutching it in her shivering fingers when she was pulled from the frigid waters of the Irish Sea. Slowly, Jack held the ring out, carefully setting it down next to its sister. His lips flattened slightly as he regarded the pair. What had he been thinking? That when he got the two side by side he’d see that they were actually quite different? He’d known little of his father. His name, of course, and that he was the younger son of a well-to-do English family. His aunt had met him but twice; her impression had been that he was somewhat estranged from his relations. He spoke of them only laughingly, in that manner people used when they did not wish to say anything of substance. He hadn’t much money, or so his aunt assumed. His clothes were fine, but well-worn, and as far as anyone could tell, he’d been wandering the Irish countryside for months. He’d said he had come to witness the wedding of a school friend and liked it so much that he stayed. His aunt saw no reason to doubt this. In the end, all Jack knew was this: John Augustus Cavendish was a well-born English gentleman who’d traveled to Ireland, fallen in love with Louise Galbraith, married her, and then died when the ship carrying them to England had sunk off the coast of Ireland. Louise had washed ashore, her body bruised and shivering, but alive. It was over a month before anyone realized she was pregnant. But she was weak, and she was devastated by grief, and her sister – the woman who had raised Jack as her own – said it was more of a surprise that Louise survived the pregnancy than it was that she finally succumbed at his birth. And that fairly well summed up Jack’s knowledge of his paternal heritage. He thought about his parents from time to time, wondering who they’d been and which had gifted him with his ready smile, but in truth, he’d never yearned for anything more. At the age of two days he’d been given to William and Mary Audley, and if they had ever loved their own children more, they never allowed him to know it. Jack had grown up the de facto son of a country squire, with two brothers, a sister, and twenty acres of rolling pasture, perfect for riding, running, jumping – anything a young boy could fancy. It had been a marvelous childhood. Damn near perfect. If he was not leading the life he’d anticipated, if he sometimes lay in bed and wondered what the hell he was doing robbing coaches in the dead of night – at least he knew that the road to this point had been paved with his own choices, his own flaws. And most of the time, he was happy. He was reasonably cheerful by nature, and really, one could do worse than playing Robin Hood along rural British roads. At least he felt as if he had some sort of purpose. After he and the army had parted ways, he’d not known what to do with himself. He was not willing to return to his life as a soldier, and yet, what else was he qualified to do? He had two skills in life, it seemed: He could sit a horse as if he’d been born in the position, and he could turn a conversation with enough wit and flair to charm even the crustiest of individuals. Put together, robbing coaches had seemed the most logical choice. Jack had made his first theft in Liverpool, when he’d seen a young toff kick a one-handed former soldier who’d had the temerity to beg for a penny. Somewhat buoyed by a rather potent pint of ale, Jack had followed the fellow into a dark corner, pointed a gun a his heart, and walked off with his wallet. The contents of which he had then dispersed among the beggars on Queens Way, most of whom had fought for – and then been forgotten by – the good people of England. Well, ninety per cent of the contents had been dispersed. Jack had to eat, too. After that, it had been an easy step to move to highway robbery. It was so much more elegant than the life of footpad. And it could not be denied that it was much easier to get away on horseback. And so that was his life. It was what he did. If he’d gone back to Ireland, he would probably be married by now, sleeping with one woman, in one bed, in one house. His life would be County Cavan, and his world a far, far smaller place than it was today. His was a roaming soul. That was why he did not go back to Ireland. He splashed a bit more brandy into his glass. There were a hundred reasons why he did not go back to Ireland. Fifty, at least. He took a sip, then another, then drank deeply until he was too sotted to continue his dishonesty. There was one reason he did not go back to Ireland. One reason, and four people he did not think he could face. Rising from his seat, he walked to the window and looked out. There wasn’t much to see – a small barn for horses, a thickly leaved tree across the road. The moonlight had turned the air translucent – shimmery and thick, as if a man could step outside and lose himself. He smiled grimly. It was tempting. It was always tempting. He knew where Belgrave Castle was. He’d been in the county for a week; one could not remain in Lincolnshire that long without learning the locations of the grand houses, even if one wasn’t a thief out to rob their inhabitants. He could take a look, he supposed. He probably should take a look. He owed it to someone. Hell, maybe he owed it to himself. He hadn’t been interested in his father much†¦but he’d always been interested a little. And he was here. Who knew when he’d be in Lincolnshire again? He was far too fond of his head to ever stay in one place for long. He didn’t want to talk to the old lady. He didn’t want to introduce himself and make explanations or pretend that he was anything other than what he was – A veteran of the war. A highwayman. A rogue. An idiot. An occasionally sentimental fool who knew that the softhearted ladies who’d tended the wounded had it all wrong – sometimes you couldn’t go home again. But dear Lord, what he wouldn’t give just to take a peek. He closed his eyes. His family would welcome him back. That was the worst of it. His aunt would put her arms around him. She would tell him it wasn’t his fault. She would be so understanding. But she would not understand. That was his final thought before he fell asleep. And dreamed of Ireland. The following day dawned bright and mockingly clear. Had it rained, Jack wouldn’t have bothered to go. He was on horseback, and he’d spent enough of his life pretending he didn’t mind that he was soaked to the skin. He did not ride in the rain if he did not have to. He’d earned that much, at least. But he was not meant to meet up with his cohorts until nightfall, so he did not have an excuse for not going. Besides, he was just going to look. Maybe see if there was some way he could leave the ring for the old lady. He suspected it meant a great deal to her, and even though he could have probably got a hefty sum for it, he knew he would not be able to bring himself to sell it. And so he ate a hearty breakfast – accompanied by a noxious beverage the innkeeper swore would clear his head, not that Jack had said anything other than, â€Å"Eggs,† before the fellow said, â€Å"I’ll get what you need.† Amazingly, the concoction worked (hence the ability to digest the hearty breakfast), and Jack mounted his horse and took off toward Belgrave Castle at an unhurried pace. He’d ridden about the area frequently over the last few days, but this was the first time he found himself curious at his surroundings. The trees seemed more interesting to him for some reason – the shape of the leaves, the way they showed their backs when the wind blew. The blossoms, too. Some were familiar to him, identical to the ones that bloomed in Ireland. But others were new, perhaps native to the dales and fens of the region. It was odd. He wasn’t sure what he was meant to be thinking about. Perhaps that this vista was what his father had seen every time he’d ridden along the same road. Or maybe that, but for a freak storm in the Irish Sea, these might be the flowers and trees of his own childhood. Jack did not know whether his parents would have made their home in England or Ireland. They were apparently going over to introduce his mother to the Cavendish family when their ship had gone down. Aunt Mary had said that they were planning to decide where to live after Louise had a chance to see a bit of England. Jack paused and plucked a leaf off a tree, for no reason other than whimsy. It wasn’t as green as the ones at home, he decided. Not that it mattered, of course, except that in a strange way, it did. He tossed the leaf to the ground and with a snort of impatience, took off at a greater speed. It was ludicrous that he felt even a niggle of guilt at going over to see the castle. Good God, it wasn’t as if he was going to introduce himself. He did not want to find a new family. He owed the Audleys far more than that. He just wanted to see it. From afar. To see what might have been, what he was glad hadn’t been. But maybe should have been. Jack took off at a gallop, letting the wind blow the memories away. The speed was cleansing, almost forgiving, and before he knew it he was at the end of the drive. And all he could think was – Good Lord. Grace was exhausted. She’d slept the night before, but not much, and not well. And even though the dowager had chosen to spend the morning in bed, Grace had not been afforded that luxury. The dowager was powerfully demanding, whether vertical, horizontal, or, should she ever figure out how to hold the position, at a slant. And so even though she tossed and turned, and refused to lift her head from the pillow, she still managed to summon Grace six times. The first hour. Finally, she had become engrossed in a batch of letters Grace had dug up for her at the bottom of her late husband’s old desk, tucked in a box labeled: JOHN, ETON. Saved by school papers. Who would have thought? Grace’s moment of rest was interrupted not twenty minutes later, however, by the arrival of the Ladies Elizabeth and Amelia Willoughby, the pretty, blond daughters of the Earl of Crowland, longtime neighbors and, Grace was always delighted to note, friends. Elizabeth especially. They were of an age, and before Grace’s position in the world had plummeted with the death of her parents, had been considered proper companions. Oh, everyone knew that Grace would not make a match like the Willoughby girls – she would never have a London season, after all. But when they were all in Lincolnshire, they were, if not equals, then at least on something of the same level. People weren’t so fussy at the Dance and Assembly. And when the girls were alone, rank was never something they noticed. Amelia was Elizabeth’s younger sister. Just by a year, but when they were all younger, it had seemed a massive gulf, so Grace did not know her nearly so well. That would change soon, though, she supposed. Amelia was betrothed to Thomas, and had been from the cradle. It would have been Elizabeth, except she was promised to another young lord (also in infancy; Lord Crowland was not one to leave matters to chance). Elizabeth’s fellow, however, had died quite young. Lady Crowland (who was not one for tact) had declared it all very inconvenient, but the papers binding Amelia to Thomas had already been signed, and it was deemed best to leave matters as they were. Grace had never discussed the engagement with Thomas – they were friends, but he would never talk about something so personal with her. Still, she had long suspected that he found the entire situation rather convenient. A fiancee did keep marriage-minded misses (and their mamas) at bay. Somewhat. It was quite obvious that the ladies of England believed in hedging their bets, and poor Thomas could not go anywhere without the women attempting to put themselves in the best possible light, just in case Amelia should, oh, disappear. Die. Decide she didn’t wish to be a duchess. Really, Grace thought wryly, as if Amelia had any choice in the matter. But even though a wife would be a far more effective deterrent than a fiancee, Thomas continued to drag his feet, which Grace thought dreadfully insensitive of him. Amelia was one-and-twenty, for heaven’s sake. And according to Lady Crowland, at least four men would have offered for her in London if she had not been marked as the future Duchess of Wyndham. (Elizabeth, sister that she was, said it was closer to three, but still, the poor girl had been dangling like a string for years.) â€Å"Books!† Elizabeth announced as they entered the hall. â€Å"As promised.† At her behest, Elizabeth’s mother had borrowed several books from the dowager. Not that Lady Crowland actually read the books. Lady Crowland read very little outside the gossip pages, but returning them was a fine pretext to visit Belgrave, and she was always in favor of anything that placed Amelia in the vicinity of Thomas. No one had the heart to tell her that Amelia rarely even saw Thomas when she was at Belgrave. Most of the time, she was forced to endure the dowager’s company – company, however, being perhaps too generous a word to describe Augusta Cavendish whilst standing before the young lady who was meant to carry on the Wyndham line. The dowager was very good at finding fault. One might even call it her greatest talent. And Amelia was her favorite subject. But today she had been spared. The dowager was still upstairs, reading her dead son’s Latin conjugations, and so Amelia had ended up sipping tea while Grace and Elizabeth chatted. Or rather, Elizabeth chatted. It was all Grace could do to nod and murmur in the appropriate moments. One would think her tired mind would go utterly blank, but the opposite was true. She could not stop thinking about the highwayman. And his kiss. And his identity. And his kiss. And if she would meet him again. And that he’d kissed her. And – And she had to stop thinking about him. It was madness. She looked over at the tea tray, wondering if it would be rude to eat the last biscuit. † – certain you are well, Grace?† Elizabeth said, reaching forward to clasp her hand. â€Å"You look very tired.† Grace blinked, trying to focus on her dear friend’s face. â€Å"I’m sorry,† she said reflexively. â€Å"I am quite tired, although that is not an excuse for my inattention.† Elizabeth grimaced. She knew the dowager. They all did. â€Å"Did she keep you up late last night?† Grace nodded. â€Å"Yes, although, truthfully, it was not her fault.† Elizabeth glanced to the doorway to make sure no one was listening before she replied, â€Å"It is always her fault.† Grace smiled wryly. â€Å"No, this time it really wasn’t. We were†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Well, really, was there any reason not to tell Elizabeth? Thomas already knew, and surely it would be all over the district by nightfall. â€Å"We were accosted by highwaymen, actually.† â€Å"Oh, my heavens! Grace!† Elizabeth hastily set down her teacup. â€Å"No wonder you appear so distracted!† â€Å"Hmmm?† Amelia had been staring off into space, as she frequently did while Grace and Elizabeth were nattering on, but this had clearly got her attention. â€Å"I am quite recovered,† Grace assured her. â€Å"Just a bit tired, I’m afraid. I did not sleep well.† â€Å"What happened?† Amelia asked. Elizabeth actually shoved her. â€Å"Grace and the dowager were accosted by highwaymen!† â€Å"Really?† Grace nodded. â€Å"Last night. On the way home from the assembly.† And then she thought – Good Lord, if the highwayman is really the dowager’s grandson, and he is legitimate, what happens to Amelia? But he wasn’t legitimate. He couldn’t be. He might very well be a Cavendish by blood, but surely not by birth. Sons of dukes did not leave legitimate offspring littering the countryside. It simply did not happen. â€Å"Did they take anything?† Amelia asked. â€Å"How can you be so dispassionate?† Elizabeth demanded. â€Å"They pointed a gun at her!† She turned to Grace. â€Å"Did they?† Grace saw it again in her mind – the cold round end of the pistol, the slow, seductive gaze of the highwayman. He wouldn’t have shot her. She knew that now. But still, she murmured, â€Å"They did, actually.† â€Å"Were you terrified?† Elizabeth asked breathlessly. â€Å"I would have been. I would have swooned.† â€Å"I wouldn’t have swooned,† Amelia remarked. â€Å"Well, of course you wouldn’t,† Elizabeth said irritably. â€Å"You didn’t even gasp when Grace told you about it.† â€Å"It sounds rather exciting, actually.† Amelia looked at Grace with great interest. â€Å"Was it?† And Grace – Good heavens, she felt herself blush. Amelia leaned forward, her eyes lighting up. â€Å"Was he handsome, then?† Elizabeth looked at her sister as if she were mad. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"The highwayman, of course.† Grace stammered something and pretended to drink her tea. â€Å"He was,† Amelia said triumphantly. â€Å"He was wearing a mask,† Grace felt compelled to point out. â€Å"But you could still tell that he was handsome.† â€Å"No!† â€Å"Then his accent was terribly romantic. French? Italian?† Amelia’s eyes grew even wider. â€Å"Spanish.† â€Å"You’ve gone mad,† Elizabeth said. â€Å"He didn’t have an accent,† Grace retorted. Then she thought of that lilt, that devilish little lift in his voice that she couldn’t quite place. â€Å"Well, not much of one. Scottish, perhaps? Irish? I couldn’t tell, precisely.† Amelia sat back with a happy sigh. â€Å"A highwayman. How romantic.† â€Å"Amelia Willoughby!† Elizabeth scolded. â€Å"Grace was just attacked at gunpoint, and you are calling it romantic?† Amelia opened her mouth to reply, but just then they heard footsteps in the hall. â€Å"The dowager?† Elizabeth whispered to Grace, looking very much as if she’d like to be wrong. â€Å"I don’t think so,† Grace replied. â€Å"She was still abed when I came down. She was rather†¦ehrm†¦distraught.† â€Å"I should think so,† Elizabeth remarked. Then she gasped. â€Å"Did they make away with her emeralds?† Grace shook her head. â€Å"We hid them. Under the seat cushions.† â€Å"Oh, how clever!† Elizabeth said approvingly. â€Å"Amelia, wouldn’t you agree?† Without waiting for an answer, she turned back to Grace. â€Å"It was your idea, wasn’t it?† Grace opened her mouth to retort that she would have happily handed them over, but just then Thomas walked past the open doorway to the sitting room. Conversation stopped. Elizabeth looked at Grace, and Grace looked at Amelia, and Amelia just kept looking at the now empty doorway. After a moment of held breath, Elizabeth turned to Amelia and said, â€Å"I think he does not realize we are here.† â€Å"I don’t care,† Amelia declared, and Grace believed her. â€Å"I wonder where he went,† Grace murmured, although she did not think anyone heard her. They were all still watching the doorway, waiting to see if he’d return. There was a grunt, and then a crash. Grace stood, wondering if she ought to go investigate. â€Å"Bloody hell,† she heard Thomas snap. Grace winced, glancing over at the others. They had risen to their feet as well. â€Å"Careful with that,† she heard Thomas say. And then, as the three ladies watched in silence, the painting of John Cavendish moved past the open doorway, two footmen struggling to keep it upright and balanced. â€Å"Who was that?† Amelia asked once the portrait had gone by. â€Å"The dowager’s middle son,† Grace murmured. â€Å"He died twenty-nine years ago.† â€Å"Why are they moving the portrait?† â€Å"The dowager wants it upstairs,† Grace replied, thinking that ought to be answer enough. Who knew why the dowager did anything? Amelia was apparently satisfied with this explanation, because she did not question her further. Or it could have been that Thomas chose that moment to reappear in the doorway. â€Å"Ladies,† he said. They all three bobbed curtsies. He nodded in that way of his, when he was clearly being nothing but polite. â€Å"Pardon.† And then he left. â€Å"Well,† Elizabeth said, and Grace wasn’t certain whether she was trying to express outrage at his rudeness or simply fill the silence. If it was the latter, it didn’t work, because no one said anything more until Elizabeth finally added, â€Å"Perhaps we should leave.† â€Å"No, you can’t,† Grace replied, feeling dreadful for having to be the bearer of such bad news. â€Å"Not yet. The dowager wants to see Amelia.† Amelia groaned. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Grace said. And meant it. Amelia sat down, looked at the tea tray and announced, â€Å"I’m eating the last biscuit.† Grace nodded. Amelia would need sustenance for the ordeal ahead. â€Å"Perhaps I should order more?† But then Thomas returned again. â€Å"We nearly lost it on the stairs,† he said to Grace, shaking his head. â€Å"The whole thing swung to the right and nearly impaled itself on the railing.† â€Å"Oh, my.† â€Å"It would have been a stake through the heart,† he said with grim humor. â€Å"It would have been worth it just to see her face.† Grace prepared to rise and make her way upstairs. If the dowager was awake, that meant her visit with the Willoughby sisters was over. â€Å"Your grandmother rose from bed, then?† â€Å"Only to oversee the transfer. You’re safe for now.† He shook his head, rolling his eyes as he did so. â€Å"I cannot believe she had the temerity to demand that you fetch it for her last night. Or,† he added quite pointedly, â€Å"that you actually thought you could do it.† Grace thought she ought to explain. â€Å"The dowager requested that I bring her the painting last night,† she told Elizabeth and Amelia. â€Å"But it was huge!† Elizabeth exclaimed. â€Å"My grandmother always favored her middle son,† Thomas said, with a twist of his lips that Grace would not have called a smile. He glanced across the room, and then, as if suddenly realizing his future bride was present, said, â€Å"Lady Amelia.† â€Å"Your grace,† she responded. But he couldn’t possibly have heard her. He was already back to Grace, saying, â€Å"You will of course support me if I lock her up?† â€Å"Thom – † Grace began, cutting herself off at the last moment. She supposed that Elizabeth and Amelia knew that he had given her leave to use his given name while at Belgrave, but still, it seemed disrespectful to do so when others were present. â€Å"Your grace,† she said, enunciating each word with careful resolve. â€Å"You must grant her extra patience this day. She is distraught.† Grace sent up a prayer for forgiveness as she let everyone think the dowager had been upset by nothing more than an ordinary robbery. She wasn’t precisely lying to Thomas, but she suspected that in this case the sin of omission could prove equally dangerous. She made herself smile. It felt forced. â€Å"Amelia? Are you unwell?† Grace turned. Elizabeth was watching her sister with concern. â€Å"I’m perfectly fine,† Amelia snapped, which was enough, of course, to show that she was not. The pair bickered for a moment, their voices low enough so Grace could not make out their exact words, and then Amelia rose, saying something about needing some air. Thomas stood, of course, and Grace rose to her feet as well. Amelia passed by and even reached the doorway before Grace realized that Thomas did not intend to follow. Good heavens, for a duke, his manners were abominable. Grace elbowed him in the ribs. Someone had to, she told herself. No one ever stood up to the man. Thomas shot her a dirty look, but he obviously realized that she was in the right, because he turned to Amelia, nodded his head the barest of inches, and said, â€Å"Allow me to escort you.† They departed, and Grace and Elizabeth sat silently for at least a minute before Elizabeth said resignedly, â€Å"They are not a good match, are they?† Grace glanced at the door, even though they had long since departed. She shook her head. It was huge. It was a castle, of course, and meant to be imposing, but really. Jack stood, open-mouthed. This was huge. Funny how no one had mentioned that his father was from a ducal family. Had anyone even known? He had always assumed his father had been the son of some jolly old country squire, maybe a baronet or possibly a baron. He had always been told that he was sired by John Cavendish, not Lord John Cavendish, as he must have been styled. And as for the old lady†¦Jack had realized that morning that she had never given her name, but surely she was the duchess. She was far too imperious to be a maiden aunt or widowed relation. Good Lord. He was the grandson of a duke. How was that possible? Jack stared at the structure before him. He was not a complete provincial. He’d traveled widely whilst in the army and had gone to school with the sons of Ireland’s most notable families. The aristocracy was not unknown to him. He did not consider himself uncomfortable in their midst. But this†¦ This was huge. How many rooms in the place? There had to be over a hundred. And what was the provenance? It didn’t look quite medieval, despite the crenellations at the top, but it was certainly pre-Tudor. Something important must have happened there. Houses did not get this big without stumbling into the occasional historic event. A treaty, maybe? Perhaps a royal visit? It sounded like the sort of thing that would have been mentioned in school, which was probably why he didn’t know it. A scholar he was not. The view of the castle as he’d approached had been deceptive. The area was heavy with trees, and the turrets and towers seemed to twinkle in and out of sight as he moved through the foliage. It was only when he reached the end of the drive that it had come completely into view – massive and amazing. The stone was gray in color, with a hint of a yellow undertone, and although its angles were mostly squared off, there was nothing boring about the facade. It dipped and rose, jutted out and swept back in. No long Georgian wall of windows was this. Jack couldn’t even imagine how long it would take a newcomer to find his way around inside. Or how long it would take to find the poor fellow once he got himself lost. And so he stood and stared, trying to take it in. What would it have been like to grow up there? His father had done so, and by all accounts he’d been a nice enough fellow. Well, by one account, he supposed – his Aunt Mary was the only person he knew who’d known his father well enough to pass along a story or two. Still, it was difficult to imagine a family living there. His own home in Ireland had not been small by any standards, but still, with four children it often felt as if they were constantly crashing into one another. You couldn’t go ten minutes or even ten steps without being swept into a conversation with a cousin or a brother or an aunt or even a dog. (He’d been a good dog, God rest his furry little soul. Better than most people.) They had known each other, the Audleys. It was, Jack had long since decided, a very good – and very uncommon – thing. After a few minutes there was a small flurry of movement at the front door, then three women emerged. Two were blond. It was too far away to see their faces, but he could tell by the way they moved that they were young, and probably quite pretty. Pretty girls, he’d long since learned, moved differently than the plain ones. It did not matter if they were aware of their beauty or not. What they weren’t was aware of their plainness. Which the plain ones always were. Jack quirked a half smile. He supposed he was a bit of a scholar of women. Which, he’d often tried to convince himself, was as noble a subject as any. But it was the third girl – the last to emerge from the castle – who captured his breath and held him motionless, unable to look away. It was the girl from the carriage the night before. He was sure of it. The hair was the right color – shiny and dark, but it wasn’t such a unique shade that it couldn’t be found elsewhere. He knew it was her because†¦because†¦ Because he did. He remembered her. He remembered the way she moved, the way she felt pressed up against him. He remembered the soft breath of the air between their bodies when she’d moved away. He’d liked her. He didn’t often get the chance to like or dislike the people he waylaid, but he’d been thinking to himself that there was something rather appealing about the flash of intelligence in her eyes when the old lady had shoved her at him, giving him permission to hold a gun to her head. He’d not approved of that. But he’d appreciated it all the same, because touching her, holding her – it had been an unexpected pleasure. And when the old lady returned with the miniature, his only thought had been that it was a pity he didn’t have time to kiss her properly. Jack held himself quietly as he watched her move in the drive, glancing over her shoulder, then leaning forward to say something to the other girls. One of the blondes linked arms with her and led her off to the side. They were friends, he realized with surprise, and he wondered if the girl – his girl, as he was now thinking of her – was something more than a companion. A poor relation, maybe? She was certainly not a daughter of the house, but it seemed she was not quite a servant. She adjusted the straps of her bonnet, and then she (What was her name? He wanted to know her name) pointed to something in the distance. Jack found himself glancing the same way, but there were too many trees framing the drive for him to see whatever had captured her interest. And then she turned. Faced him. Saw him. She did not cry out, nor did she flinch, but he knew that she saw him in the way she†¦ In the way she simply was, he supposed, because he could not see her face from such a distance. But he knew. His skin began to prickle with awareness, and it occurred to him that she’d recognized him, too. It was preposterous, because he was all the way down the drive, and not wearing his highwayman’s garb, but he knew that she knew she was staring at the man who had kissed her. The moment – it could only have lasted seconds – stretched into eternity. And then somewhere behind him a bird cawed, snapping him from his trance, and one thought pounded through his head. Time to go. He never stayed in one spot for long, but here – this place – it was surely the most dangerous of all. He gave it one last look. Not of longing; he did not long for this. And as for the girl from the carriage – he fought down something strange and acrid, burning in his throat – he would not long for her, either. Some things were simply untenable. â€Å"Who was that man?† Grace heard Elizabeth speak, but she pretended not to. They were sitting in the Willoughbys’ comfortable carriage, but their happy threesome now numbered four. The dowager had, upon rising from her bed, taken one look at Amelia’s sun-kissed cheeks (Grace did think that she and Thomas had taken quite a long walk together, all things considered), and gone into a barely intelligible tirade about the proper decorum of a future duchess. It was not every day one heard a speech containing dynasty, procreation, and sunspots – all in one sentence. But the dowager had managed it, and now they were all miserable, Amelia most of all. The dowager had got it into her head that she needed to speak with Lady Crowland – most probably about the supposed blemishes on Amelia’s skin – and so she invited herself along for the ride, giving instructions to the Wyndham stables to ready a carriage and send it after them for the return journey. Grace had come along, too. Because, quite frankly, she didn’t have any choice. â€Å"Grace?† It was Elizabeth again. Grace sucked in her lips and positively glued her eyes to a spot on the seat cushion just to the left of the dowager’s head. â€Å"Who was it?† Elizabeth persisted. â€Å"No one,† Grace said quickly. â€Å"Are we ready to depart?† She looked out the window, pretending to wonder why they were delayed on the drive. Any moment now they would leave for Burges Park, where the Willoughbys lived. She had been dreading the journey, short though it was. And then she’d seen him. The highwayman. Whose name wasn’t Cavendish. But once was. He had left before the dowager emerged from the castle, turning his mount in a display of horsemanship so expert that even she, who was no equestrienne, recognized his skill. But he had seen her. And he had recognized her. She was certain of it. She’d felt it. Grace tapped her fingers impatiently against the side of her thigh. She thought of Thomas, and of the enormous portrait that had passed by the doorway of the sitting room. She thought of Amelia, who had been raised since birth to be the bride of a duke. And she thought of herself. Her world might not be quite what she wanted, but it was hers, and it was safe. One man had the power to send it all crashing down. Which was why, even though she would have traded a corner of her soul for just one more kiss from a man whose name she did not know, when Elizabeth remarked that it looked as if she knew him, she said, sharply, â€Å"I do not.† The dowager looked up, her face pinched with irritation. â€Å"What are you talking about?† â€Å"There was a man at the end of the drive,† Elizabeth said, before Grace could deny anything. The dowager’s head snapped back in Grace’s direction. â€Å"Who was it?† she demanded. â€Å"I don’t know. I could not see his face.† Which wasn’t a lie. Not the second part, at least. â€Å"Who was it?† the dowager thundered, her voice rising over the sound of the wheels beginning their rumble down the drive. â€Å"I don’t know,† Grace repeated, but even she could hear the cracks in her voice. â€Å"Did you see him?† the dowager asked Amelia. Grace’s eyes caught Amelia’s. Something passed between them. â€Å"I saw no one, ma’am,† said Amelia. The dowager dismissed her with a snort, turning the full weight of her fury on Grace. â€Å"Was it he?† Grace shook her head. â€Å"I don’t know,† she stammered. â€Å"I couldn’t say.† â€Å"Stop the carriage,† the dowager yelled, lurching forward and shoving Grace aside so she could bang on the wall separating the cabin and the driver. â€Å"Stop, I tell you!† The carriage came to a sudden stop, and Amelia, who had been sitting face front beside the dowager, tumbled forward, landing at Grace’s feet. She tried to get up but was blocked by the dowager, who had reached across the carriage to grab Grace’s chin, her long, ancient fingers digging cruelly into her skin. â€Å"I will give you one more chance, Miss Eversleigh,† she hissed. â€Å"Was it he?† Forgive me, Grace thought. She nodded. How to cite The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Three, Essay examples

Innovation and Entrepreneurship to Enhance MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInnovation and Entrepreneurship to Enhance Business Practices. Answer: Innovation Innovation is the process of translating invention or idea into a process, good or service that creates value for customers, government or organizations (Baregheh et al., 2009). Innovation also involve implementation of new or significantly improved product that creates value to the society. The idea must therefore satisfy a specific need in order to be regarded as innovative. The customers change in taste and preferences requires organization to generate new ideas that can be applied to processes, products and services to satisfy the needs and expectations of the customers. The innovation is prerequisite for business organization to create revolutionary products that create new markets (Archibugi Iammarino, 2002). The scientific knowledge generated through experimentation studies has contributed immensely to creation of many things that has not previously been in existence. With this regard, organization need to allocate resources for research to stimulate innovation that increases competitive advantage. The IT industries producing electrical like phones, tablets, laptops and desktop computers are being innovative by incorporating new features to their products to create niche and increasing purchasing power for its customers. This is seen in several new phone and computer models released into the market every day (Bhuie et al., 2004). The transport industry has huge potential of employing innovation to create market for its services. Innovations are evolutionary in the sense that it finds ways of making improvements to existing goods and services. There are huge benefits to organization engaging in creativity and innovation, in that it is able to improve employee performance, foster companys image and apply new technology in business to minimize cost and increase production efficiency. Innovation is also important for organization to differentiate its products from those of competitors. This is because the clients and customers are keen on products with distinctive and valuable features (Kristensson et al., 2008). The innovation by employees can be achieved through motivation. Innovation and Entrepreneurship The population is growing rapidly in many parts of the world necessitating creation of jobs to provide employment opportunities for young population. The entrepreneurs need to be innovative to solve problems associated with rapid population such waste management, provision of better healthcare, increase food security, high-quality education and clean energy and improve transport and communication. Entrepreneurship simply refers to taking risk in business venture to make profit (Koellinger, Minniti Schade, 2007). Creativity is the heart of enterprise to create value to the society through provision of goods and services while accumulating wealth (Fillis Rentschler, 2010). The developed countries can attribute their economic development to innovative entrepreneurial approach to business. This is due to shift in focus of managers from quantity to quality and products to processes (Baron Tang, 2011). This is true for many industries across the world that have realized the need to incr ease customer satisfaction through laying foundation of their business in creativity and innovation. In the current century, innovation and entrepreneurship seems inseparable. Innovation is a necessity for all business organization irrespective of their sizes due to competition that has extended from local to global scale. Krishna and Swathi (2013) argued that Indian companies are able to compete successfully against international companies due to investment in research and development to improve performance. Trade liberalization led to abolishment of tariffs and quotas, reduced protection of local industries, minimization of government controls, increased foreign investments and increased competition. These factors have forced entrepreneurs to be creative and innovative in order to survive (Anderson et al., 2014). Creativity and innovation is vital for entrepreneur to deliver a mix of value by doing things differently. Furthermore, entrepreneurs creativity allows him to drive well in the market by changing process and goods to create demand. Entrepreneurs drive innovation and creat ivity to produce solutions to their business by developing alternative approaches (Berry et al., 2006). Innovation in Uber to Enhance Business Practice Leveraging on Technology The competitive advantage of Uber is attributed to its adoption of technology to cab transport. The company has developed smartphone app that allows customers to connect with nearby available drivers. The popularity of Uber app has risen significantly and it is being used in more than 58 countries worldwide. Many authors have reported that the current customers have changed their shopping behavior preferring online shops rather than physical stores (elik, 2011). Uber recognized market gap and develop mobile app that is easy to use since many customers do research of products and services online. Uber speed up thing by providing its drivers with app to check customers out and ease their mobility. The digital experience for millennials customers is proving useful for Uber to create its own niche by attracting the both old and young generation who spent more time mobile internet platforms. Dennis et al. (2010) mentioned that business stand to benefit on employing technology to win customers due to rising population that spend more time browsing and shopping online. Furthermore the increased information and technology has led to increased customers engaging on social media platforms and mobile applications enabling Uber to take advantage of this opportunity to build its brand by enhancing customer experience. The company is actively engaged in digital and social marketing to win customers on many social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram and many more by increasing digital presence and gain competitive advantage (Cusumano, 2015). Flexibility as a Winning Strategy The Uber company allows flexible company for its employees particularly the drivers who choses when to work. Uber allows drivers to use their own vehicles and offers flexible work schedule in that Uber drivers can turn their availability off. Flexible working conditions has been reported to benefit both the employer and employee. Employees can work wherever they need to be that could include home, during commute or even in a caf. By using technology such as mobile internet, Uber drivers are able to connect with their customers without necessarily being in a given place waiting for customers or driving around looking for customers. As a result this innovative strategy has attracted many drivers to join Uber so as to save on fuel and time. The benefits the Uber has gained by allowing wok flexibility of its drivers include better customer service, increased drivers retention, more motivated workforce and having working hours that suit drivers and customers. Investing on Speed Uber has invested heavily in the growth of business to increase its business the bigger the company the stronger it is. Being able to cater for transport services that meet and surpass customer expectation before competitors realizes is a winning strategy for Uber. Uber is always fats in raising capital to secure more rider and acquire larger market share in order to increase its profitability. Speed is critical component of entrepreneurship as it enables business to be adaptive to changing external environment. Uber is always on the move researching customers needs and making improvements to change current processes to match market demands delivering what transport market want and growing the business (Sun Edara, 2015). Ubers speed to the market gives it competitive advantage when it comes to innovation, opportunity to dominate the market and a better reputation for being the leader in the industry rather than a follower. Uber is using speed in innovation to add new services to cab industry that maximizes customers value and experience. The company initially allowed payment using credit cards only, however, Uber acted swiftly to accept cash payment in many country with less credit cards like India. Furthermore, the company is pursuing an option to adopt self-driving cars to achieve competitive advantage in new market created by self-driven vehicles. Furthermore, Uber is forging ahead to increase its service delivery by having innovative partnership with other companies like Tarwood, UberRUSH, UberFRESH and Uber EATS (Levinson, 2015). Conclusion The most innovative way the Uber is using to gain competitive advantage is by leveraging on technology to cut cost and gain competitive advantage. The company has been able to grow its share market by lounging competitive products that match customers needs. Particularly the mobile technology is playing significant role in Uber business since the customer and drivers communicate through mobile app regardless of where they are. In this case, the drivers are able to respond quickly to customers call for a ride. It can be concluded that mobile-based technology has created new marketplace for Uber thus enhancing its performance. Investing in Human Capital The company is able to executive innovative ideas by tapping on skilled and talented workforce. Uber has poached experts from Google to help in enhancing its app in relation to mapping and geospatial solutions (Wingard, 2015). The talented workforce in Uber is aimed at enhancing service delivery to the customers though easy order, ensuring certainty of arrival for customers and easy payment. The organization is offering customers relatively lower prices as compared to the competitors as an innovative strategy to gain wide markets share. Uber is treating its drivers same was as customers so as to motivate them cultivate a higher-quality workforce that lead to increased customer satisfaction. The company is motivating its emloyees by offering competitive wage and commission packages that is higher than other competing taxi drivers. Another innovative strategy to save on cost and maximize profit is by allowing driver to use their own cars thus saving on cost associated capital expenditure on acquisition of new cars and expenses associated with car repair and insurance. The Ubers innovative business practices are aimed at boosting drivers satisfaction that translates to maximum customers experience. Recommendations However, there is need of Uber to improve their app in terms of ease to use, learnability and efficacy in order to win customer loyalty. Furthermore, there has been many issues related to drivers welfare in terms of social security and insurance policies. These issues must be addressed to prevent strike, negative publicity and disruption of service delivery to customer. References Anderson, N., Potocnik, K., Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5), 1297-1333. Archibugi, D., Iammarino, S. (2002). The globalization of technological innovation: definition and evidence.Review of International Political Economy,9(1), 98-122. Baregheh, A., Rowley, J., Sambrook, S. (2009). Towards a multidisciplinary definition of innovation.Management decision,47(8), 1323-1339. Berry, L. L., Shankar, V., Parish, J. T., Cadwallader, S., Dotzel, T. (2006). Creating new markets through service innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,47(2), 56. Bhuie, A. K., Ogunseitan, O. A., Saphores, J. D., Shapiro, A. A. (2004, May). Environmental and economic trade-offs in consumer electronic products recycling: a case study of cell phones and computers. InElectronics and the Environment, 2004. Conference Record. 2004 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 74-79). IEEE. elik, H. (2011). Influence of social norms, perceived playfulness and online shopping anxiety on customers' adoption of online retail shopping: An empirical study in the Turkish context. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 39(6), 390-413. Cusumano, M. A. (2015). How traditional firms must compete in the sharing economy. Communications of the ACM, 58(1), 32-34. Dennis, C., Morgan, A., Wright, L. T., Jayawardhena, C. (2010). The influences of social e-shopping in enhancing young women's online shopping behaviour. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 9(2), 151-174. Fillis, I., Rentschler, R. (2010). The role of creativity in entrepreneurship.Journal of Enterprising Culture,18(01), 49-81. Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., Schade, C. (2007). I think I can, I think I can: Overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of economic psychology, 28(4), 502-527. Krishna, R. R.., Swathi, A. (2013). Role of creativity and innovation in entrepreneurship.Innovative Journal of Business and Management,2(5), 112-115. Kristensson, P., Matthing, J., Johansson, N. (2008). Key strategies for the successful involvement of customers in the co-creation of new technology-based services.International journal of service industry management,19(4), 474-491. Levinson, P. (2015). 3 reasons why Uber will win in the end. Retrieved on May 4, 2017 from Business Insider: https://www.businessinsider.com/why-uber-will-win-in-the-end-2015-10?IR=T. Sun, C., Edara, P. (2015). Is Getting an Uber-Lyft from a Sidecar Different from Hailing a Taxi? Current Dynamic Ridesharing Controversy. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2536), 60-66. Wingard, J. (2015). What Uber is getting right that other startups arent. Retrieved on May 4, 2017 from Fortune Insider: https://fortune.com/2015/09/19/uber-google-skills-gap/.

Does the death of the body constitute death of the person Essay Example

Does the death of the body constitute death of the person? Essay Death of the body and death of the person hold different meanings according to physicians, theologists, transplant surgeons and the public. Since the eighteenth century, biological death has focused on either the centralist or decentralist theory, which have shifted from the cessation of the heart to define death, to a more overall view of the body. Firstly, it is important to outline the historical and contemporary definitions of death, including a consideration of the recent term brain-stemmed death (BSD) in relation to fears of confounding factors (Powner et al, 1996: 1219). When the body dies medically, all links with a former life are eradicated and the focus rapidly shifts to the next patient or donor recipient. However, for friends and relatives the deceased was a person with an identity, a past which will not be forgotten and this causes many to grieve and the persons social presence continues in their daily lives. The idea of a social death in relation to an actual death will be examined using examples of past and present rituals and beliefs such as, vampires and persistent vegetative state. Additionally, a brief consideration of the cultural differences between Japan and USA is necessary to question the passive acceptance of organ procurement and BSD in most of the developed world. We will write a custom essay sample on Does the death of the body constitute death of the person? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does the death of the body constitute death of the person? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does the death of the body constitute death of the person? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer History Prior to the 18th century, physicians in USA and Europe were not involved in precisely defining death because it was viewed as a natural process. Doctors would visit a dying patient and if they concluded that nothing could reverse the illness, relatives or undertakers would confirm the end of life. However, the Victorian era witnessed a change of attitudes and social divisions, whereby fear of burial alive and expectations of a longer life by the middle classes emerged (Powner et al, 1996: 1220). This led to greater physician involvement and their role was to help preserve life and confirm death when necessary. Since the 18th century, two fundamental questions persist within the current cycles of debate, including centralist and decentralist theories, and the problem of apparent death or confoundling factors (Powner et al, 1996: 1219). Centralism is concerned with the body as a whole, which means that one organ, previously the heart, is the centre of all bodily functions and once it stops death is certified. This theory is linked to the contemporary term of brain stemmed death that is socially considered the centre of personhood which represents life, and once dead can often continue to exist in society. Decentralists consider the body as perhaps a more complex system and the whole organism represents life, therefore, all main organs need to cease functioning before burial and grieving can proceed. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, definitions of death have altered between a centralist and decentralist approach, but overall, neither has caused major debate, nor are they exceptionally diverse in context. More importantly, this reflects not only the ambiguous nature of death and unclear life/death boundaries, but the relatively passive acceptance that consciousness is what makes an individual recognisably alive a nd fully a person (Lock, 2002: 45). Ambivalence A false positive diagnosis of death further conveys the suggestion by Lock (2002), that the American and European public have been surprisingly trustworthy of the medical profession. Defining death is a complex process, especially when it is impossible to exclude moral, philosophical and religious attitudes towards life and death, regardless of scientific objectivity. However, in 1968 the Harvard Committee proposed a universal term, including a set of tests, to confirm the end of life and avoid confusion since resuscitation techniques became available for the heart and lungs (Powner et al, 1996: 1221). Brain stemmed death means that the brain no longer pumps blood and oxygen and the patient is in an irreversible coma, but this is controversial. If one can clearly diagnose death from one organ then the rest of the body becomes irrelevant, despite its complex biological make-up and symbol of life in society. This definition was announced a year after the first heart transplant and brain stemmed death is the optimal time to transplant organs, whereas if physicians were to wait for the heart to stop beating, most organs would not be suitable. However, from a moral perspective, the cadaveric donor could still be alive in terms of a beating heart and warm body, suggesting a conflict between biological death and cultural definitions of the person. If a daughter had recently been pronounced dead, a mother may physically and emotionally still see a much loved, living person who is sleeping and find to it hard to perceive the corpse as an organ donor. Organ transplantation and death have since been intricately linked, yet one must also separate the notion of a dying donor and the needs of an organ recipient. There is clearly a differentiation between death as an event for physicians and death as a process for those grieving, which highlights the ambiguity of a dead body and dead person. To avoid confounding factors, in 1981 the Presidents Commission Report (USA) ensured there would be no confusion between persistent vegetative state (PVS) and BSD (Powner et al, 1996: 1220). PVS is medically different from BSD as the lower brain continues to function by pumping blood to the brain and breathing unaided, whereas whole brain death is similar to decapitation. PVS can persist for years with no improvement, but the person is still capable of reflexes and minimal communication and cannot, therefore be declared dead. However, other conditions, such as cartalepsy and hypothermia, have highlighted the difficulty doctors have in ensuring a patient is actually dead. In 1984, Diane Leslie spent hours in a morgue due to her condition of cartalepsy which portrays a death-like appearance, yet returned home four hours later and now lives in Canada (Scream, Discovery Channel). Life after death? If the medical profession can confuse life and death, then it is understandable that different cultures often have interesting and divergent perceptions of the death of a body and death of a person. Death is defined by the whole brain ceasing to function, but the brain is also where personality, identity and social interaction are processed and expressed. A person has a biography which involved contact with friends and relatives, thus, even if the body is immediately a corpse after diagnosis, it would be impossible to expect bereavement to simply involve counselling to detach and move on from the dead (Walter, 1996: 10). Grief is not universal and can vary from talking to those who knew the deceased to inner emotional turmoil. Therefore, one must consider the social definition of death and to what extent the dichotomies of life (culture)/ death (nature) can be defined by physicians. Belief in the afterlife is a psychological response to a fear of the unknown, but social values often eradicate this instability by developing stories and myths surrounding death. Hence, human beings envisage a degree of continuation of the person that lived inside the body for their own sanity in the real world, or one would have to question whether the individual has any superiority over a corpse. In Chrisitianity, there is a firm belief that ones path is chosen and believers can find peace when they die, perhaps explaining why 90% of British people believe in some form of religion. Ideologies of vampires, clairvoyancy and ghosts are further examples of past and present attempts to either extend the life of an individual, or to physically express fear of the dead. Tarot cards and clairvoyants are constructions of late-modern society that attempt to contact the dead, conveying a strong disassociation between the death of the body and death of the person for many. Vampires have had a long history and the myth continues today in the media and childrens imagination, emphasising a connection between life and death from a young age. This indicates the possibility of a social presence for disembodied persons, which although imaginary, can be felt by hallucinating or even praying to a spirit, that helps to keep alive the memory of someone recently deceased (Hallam et al, 1996: 6). Like PVS, they are hybrids that confuse the boundaries between life and death, that is; vampires are biologically dead but socially alive to a child, yet vegetables can be biologically alive but socially dead to a relative. This suggests the construction of a social presence after death and once the body dies, new meanings are attached to attempt a continuation of the mind or soul to delay the transition from life to death. Japan In Japan the cultural understanding of nature is different from the West and many dislike or fear the unnatural. Some Japanese believe that the body must be treated with utmost respect, and if tampered with or disrespected, spirits never settle and become immortal (Lock, 1995: 15). A human being is a complex social being with a capacity to express individuality through emotional and physical performances. Everyday choices allow one to express there self-identity physically through clothes, exercise and mannerisms, yet its symbolic value becomes nothing when dead. However, it is important to consider why Japan has such a traditional sentiment towards the body, whilst the USA and Europe pursue organ transplantation with little contemplation of the religious or natural meaning of the body. In Western societies, improvements in techniques of preserving and transplanting cadaveric organs have emphasised how greatly the dead can contribute to the living (Lamb, 1990: 117). USA and European objectified approach to death is part of an overall acceptance to protect the living by organ donation. However, Japan only recently legalised BSD in 1997, as the medical definition of death. For 25 years, it has caused much controversy and debates based on the meaning of culture and nature in relation to life and death. Despite parallel technological advancement and modernisation, Japan has often feared Westernisation and fought to retain their uniqueness. As the social significance of individual death has not been subordinated to a medicalised, objective death, Japanese culture clearly have different connotations of the death, the body and a social identity when one dies (Lock, 1995: 35). BSD has been reluctantly accepted by some, due to the ambiguous nature of death which means that a heart-beating cadaverer can still have its organs transplanted. Japans first and last heart transplant in 1968 resulted in the premature death of the recipient and consequent arrest of the surgeon for six years (Lock, 1995: 13). Despite an overall distrust of the medical profession, Japanese have a history of tradition, nostalgia and ancestry to suggest a deep rooted cultural meaning of culture and nature. Life is separated from death in terms of it being a natural process, and many [neurologists] hesitate to encourage relatives to think of brain-dead patients as dead (Lock, 2002: 38). This conveys a society still divided by cultural attachments to the body and whether it deserves a similar respect to the spirit that can exist after death. Social death Aging is a good example of a death that is an event for physicians, but for those grieving it is a process which entails a clinical death of the body and a social death of the person. As one gets older, a retirement home is often the first stage of the death sequence, beginning with social exclusion by staff and relatives. Children gradually prepare themselves for a parent to die once they have retired or ill health is evident. Once biological death has occurred, social death, that is the final stage of emotional involvement with the person, may coincide. This is because friends and relatives may have sufficiently prepared themselves to find an appropriate place for the dead in ones life (Watter, 1996: 12). However, this is not always possible for a parent who loses a child or widow who loses a lifelong partner. In the 19th century, social death was treated extremely differently from late-modern rituals, especially for the middle class. Grieving was the responsibility of Victorian women who were to keep alive the memory of the dead for as long as deemed necessary by societal values. Each relative would be assigned a suitable period of mourning and at the extreme, as a widow, the lady was expected to be socially isolated for 3 months and wear black for 1 year (Mulkay ; Ernst, 1991: 183). This emphasises the difference between a biological death and a social death, which for many can take from months to years. Furthermore, grief is obviously an individual process but in the 19th century, mourning was a cultural ritual that was to be conveyed physically and emotionally to lengthen the social presence of the dead. A contemporary understanding of disembodiment was described in a recent study of widows in mid-Wales called The Hallucination of Widowhood. Rees (1971; in Mulkay ; Ernst, 1991) interviewed 227 widows and 137 reported some sort of hallucinations or experiences of the dead partner, some for years after. Death is clearly an complex, socially infused activity and for those who lose a partner they cannot immediately move on due to the close bonds developed over time. Like the loss of a child, grieving takes on different forms, including talking to the deceased or visiting a grave, but this is not to be confused with insanity or belief in the supernatural. Social death is a natural process that in late modernity, society should allow individuals to decide whether they want to move on or simply adjust and find a place for the loved one in their lives. Ultimately, those bereaved should be reassured that they may retain the deceased instead of moving on as presumed by bereavement counselling (Walters, 1996: 23). Conclusion Death clearly has different meanings for the physicians treating the patient and those who were related to, or friends with, the deceased. Its definition has involved controversial discussions for centuries to determine the what constitutes death and ensure no mistakes are made in determining the end of life. Recent adoption of the term BSD in Japan, compared to the USA and Europe, has highlighted a more traditional attachment to the body and uncertainty surrounding cadaveric organ donors. Social and cultural death will rarely coincide with biological death and for an elderly person, they may be socially dead but biologically alive. In contrast, a widow or parent accepts the absence of a body but continues a social bond with the deceased through a variety or rituals. In conclusion, since the afterlife is unknown and the body decomposes, cultures establish different ways of continuing the existence of the dead due to the complexity of the death of a body and the attached social and se lf-identity.

reniasance essays

reniasance essays The word renaissance, meaning rebirth is perfect to describe the renaissance because the renaissance was a period of creativity and rediscovery (Farah and Karls 402). Developments in art, architecture and literature spread from Italy to the rest of Europe as people revisited the past stories of Greek and Roman culture. These are just a few reasons why the Renaissance period should be seen as a great time of cultural evolution that paved the way for everything that was to follow. Art during the renaissance was full of complex painting and phenomenal sculpture. Italian sculptors went back in time to reflect on classical ideals of free - standing statues of nude figures that resembled those of Greek and Roman sculpture. Painters of the renaissance also used a more realistic style of painting than that of the medieval times. Medieval painting was quite flat and boring while renaissance painting was very detailed and thought out. Much like art, architecture took a step back in time during the renaissance to a classical style of building. The rebirth of such ideas was necessary to the construction of many structures during the renaissance, such as churches, palaces, and villas. On such structures, architects used columns and domes, which were used in the days of Greek and Roman, rule, instead of arches and spires found on medieval structures. Some of the most impressive and most important structures every constructed, were built during the time of renaissance and reformation. Literature of the renaissance also took a step back in time to the days of Greek and Roman rule. Interest in ancient Greece and Rome moved artists to include classical mythology as well as biblical themes in their works. The renaissance was especially known for drama. Such playwrights as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe drew some of their ideas from classical mythology and histories of ancient Rome. ...

Book Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Book Report - Essay Example Since its inception, the trend of watching television is growing and evolving. Latest research reveals that the growth in this trend is becoming explosive with new technologies and their prevalent use by youngsters. In her book, â€Å"Television and Child Development,† a psychologist from University of Waterloo, Judith Van Evra presents a comprehensive summary of research about the impact of television and other media on children’s physical, psychological, emotional and social development. She integrates the currently known research from child development, communication and cognitive and psychological domains to present a balanced view that reveals the complications and layers of the relationship between children’s interaction with media and other factors influencing their perceptions. In this comprehensive third edition, Evra has included seven new chapters in addition to updating the previous chapters. Now, the book also includes research about media other than television, for instance, realistic video games, mobile phones, pagers, DVDs, computers, internet, cable and other wireless devices. However, major emphasis is laid on the research with developmental approach towards the interaction between television and children (Bachen, 2007). Newly added chapters explore research methodology, cultural diversity and stereotypes. It includes current perceptions, changing lifestyles, health preferences, nutrition, body image, sexual behaviors, drug and alcohol addiction, internet and media influence on social and behavioral aspects of a child’s development. Two chapters are particularly dedicated to the utilization of modern technology for getting instant and speedy information through internet, influence of internet advertising and entertainment technology, such as music and video games which create gender and social differences, and aggression among children. New addition also covers intervention strategies, media literacy, technological aids,

Public Administration The Good, The Bad, The Ugly Research Paper

Public Administration The Good, The Bad, The Ugly - Research Paper Example However, the failure of the House Republicans to endorse the process compelled President Obama to come up with immigration accountability executive actions. The actions target to provide a mechanism for fighting illegal crossing at the borders; deport felons who upset national security and overall public safety without including their families and running a background check of the undocumented illegal immigrants. The check will prompt the workers to pay their taxes legally and offer temporary stay before the payment (The White House, 2015). A regulatory public policy supports the move by the president to put an end to the illegal population in United States. A regulatory policy is aimed at limiting the actions of any person, group or organization to protect the general public or the portion of the public that is directly affected by those actions. Remarkably, a number of regulations aim at reducing criminal or illegal activities. The administration policies focus on regulating the practices of businesses to ensure that they uphold fair and competitive practices for all American citizens. Both state and federal government carry out the regulatory efforts to monitor organizations or agencies that upset stability of the economy. The propositions by the Obama government about immigration are built on the existing Immigration and National Act. The Immigration and National Act is a public policy that was created first in 1952 (West, 2010). The immigration law has so far received new provisions and reorganization in terms of structure. The government noted the need to reinforce homeland security procedures, governance of corporations and financial institutions following the rampant cases of terrorist activities and the turbulent state of the economy. The authority and regulatory grip of the government will be expanded if the entire congress and the senate endorse the proposed reforms. The previous governments have constituted the regulatory

The Kite Runner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Kite Runner - Essay Example nd at the same time enervating bond with his Hazara servant Hassan as evinced by the line â€Å"Did you know Hassan and you fed from the same breast (Hosseini 64).† In that context the dynamics of friendship between Amir and Hassan happens to be strange and peculiar, verging on the borders of what may be called a misplaced sibling rivalry, while at the same time being strengthened by bonds that only could be cast and preserved through blood. At the same time this friendship is marked by strong undertones of guilt affiliated to Amir, owing to his inability to show support and empathy for a friend, who is always willing to go beyond oneself to assure his happiness. This friendship carries the burden of an atrocity that though known to both the friends, born by one and callously sidelined and evaded by the other, never showing any inclination to bring it to the surface. The irony is that even Amir is also aware that Hassan is more than willing to let him go with his evasive stanc e, as he says â€Å"And that was as close as Hassan and I ever came to discussing what had happened in the alley (Hosseini 69).† Being in an immature phase of his life, Amir is totally possessed by the need for soliciting the approval of his father, further bolstered by his innate guilt of jilting Hassan when he most needed his support and sympathy, to the extent that he does not hesitate from planting Hassan in a stealing incident. The burden of the guilt becomes too much of an obsession with Amir and in his conscience he ends up believing that he could only redeem his peace back by pushing Hassan out of his life as he says, â€Å"I want you to stop harassing me. I want you to go away (Hosseini 77).† However, as Amir matures to being a young man in a world far away from Afghanistan, he eventually realizes the need to expunge himself of his guilt and betrayal by going back to Afghanistan to find Hassan’s son. Finally when Amir manages to solicit a lopsided smile from Hassan’s son in climax,

Understanding The Definition Of Internationalisation Systems Commerce Essay

Understanding The Definition Of Internationalisation Systems Commerce Essay Internationalization consists of standardized products or service through globally standardized marketing and production processes that target standardized customer needs. Internationalisation can be described as the process of increasing involvement in international operations (Welch Luostarinen, 1988: 36). Another definition proposed by Calof and Beamish (1995: 116) denotes internationalization as the process of adapting firms operations (strategy, structure, resources, etc) to international environments. Kutschker and Bà ¤urle (1997) as both definitions have crucial fact internationalisation needs an overall support from the organisation as it is changing the environment to expand in various manners the process mostly consists of macro factors to evolve. 3. The Uppsala Approach in detail The Uppsala approach was an outcome of Swedish researchers (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977) which focused their interest on the internationalization process. Studying the internationalization of Swedish manufacturing firms, they developed a model of the firms choice of market and form of entry when going abroad. Their work was influenced by Aharonis seminal (1966) study. (Svend and Hollensen2004) It is seen that companies begin their operations in abroad in fairly nearby market and gradually penetrated distant market. Companies should entry in new market with the export agents and sales subsidiaries. The approach specifies direct relation between market knowledge and market commitment is postulated, as knowledge can be gathered with effective use of human resources. Consequently, the better knowledge about a market can be derived, the more valuable are the resources and the stronger the market position of the firm. Uppsala approach requires general knowledge and market specific knowledge, where as market specific knowledge can be derived from practical experiences by entering the new market. However the approach stress on experimental learning as it cannot be acquired by objective knowledge (e.g., through marketing researches or reports) and must be gained mainly through direct experience. As the approach deals with experimental learning the human resource should be managed i n proper manner. It has distinguished between four different modes of entering an international market, where the successive stages represent higher degrees of international involvement market commitment. They as follow Stage 1: No regular export activities (sporadic export). Stage 2: Export via independent representatives (export modes). Stage 3: Establishment of a foreign sales subsidiary. Stage 4: Foreign production manufacturing units These four stages deal with as no regular export activities in new market and knowing the market by experimental learning which helps in utilization of resources in effective ways. Exporting through independent agent can be suitable way of entering in new market as most of the firms prefer the way of entry. Consequently, the threats and opportunities in a new market will be discovered primarily by those people who are working there. Experience generates business opportunities and constitutes a driving force in the internationalization process (Johanson and Vahlne, 1990: 33). The model is founded on four core concepts: Market knowledge, market commitment, commitment decisions and current activities. Market knowledge and market commitment at a certain point in time are assumed to affect the commitment decisions and how the activities are carried out in the subsequent period, which in its turn will influence market knowledge and market commitment at later stages. On the basis of these four concepts, and by making the assumption of instrumentalism, the model predicts that the basic pattern of firms internationalization is to start and continue to invest in just one or in a few neighbouring countries, rather than to invest in several countries simultaneously and That the investments in a specific country are carried out cautiously, sequentially and concurrently with the learning of the firms people operating in that market. Firms are supposed to enter new markets with successively greater psychic distance and the market investments develop according to the so called establishment chain. Mats Forsgren. (2000.p5) This model deals with entering new market which is nearby or investing in single country rather than making a mess. It has leapfrogging tendency which allows entering in distant market. It shows companies can learn from their past experiences and practical knowledge. In these cases, competitive forces and factors override psychic distance as the principal explanatory factor for the firms process of internationalization. Furthermore, if knowledge of transactions can be transferred from one country to another, firms with extensive international experience are likely to perceive the psychic distance to a new country as shorter than firms with little international experience it can affect the smaller firms in case of psychic distances. The approach requires long term involvement in market to gain knowledge. The approach can be cost efficient to apply at initial stage but can take long time evolve the production barriers. The approach underlies crucial importance people interest involved in the process. By sales subsidiaries it can be easy to find problems and opportunities in the market. 3.1 Advantages It deals with indirect exporting of product with help of external export agents or merchants. Low cost entry method which helps using capital in other factors quickest way of entering the new markets. Establishing foreign sales subsidiaries can help increase sales, potential customer base in market and creates market awareness about the product which identifies customer tastes and cultural factors which may change as per new market. By using foreign manufacturing unit labour cost and cost of production can be minimized. Drawbacks Occasional exporting of goods can divert customers interest. Lack of knowledge in initial phase as the exporting is done by agents or exporting merchants. Inter-organizational learning in a business network implies that deep and long-lasting business relationships facilitate the assimilation of tacit knowledge from the different factors in the market. Human resources development programmes should be to gather knowledge about market. The Uppsala Model implies that different groups at the operational level have a profound influence on the internationalization process. It is a relatively extreme bottom-up perspective, where the bottom plays the leading part and the headquarters play walk-on parts. It is not ease to apply for small firms in case of psychic distance. 4. Macro environmental forces and impact on an organisations internationalisation decision-making process. Partnerships As Partnerships and Alliances are increasing as companies realize it is not always desirable to manage all stages. These may mislead when the organisation wants go solo in the market as culture integration, domestic or international, are mentioned as the biggest challenges for alliances. Distribution channels The distribution channels may affect as carrying products to various place where there is lack roadways or long distance it may cost more than estimation cost of distribution of material to market. Technological Technology continues to exert the biggest current and future impact on organizations. At the same time the Internet and intranets are changing the way employees interact with customers and each other. It needs innovation in the technology and manufacturing process, the services should be customer friendly, fast reaction, and acceptance of change. Competitors They may create obstacles in entering the market and provide misleading informations about market to stop new firms and may create monopoly for some products. Public pressure groups These factors directly affect or impact the organization and they influence the managerial decision, the organizational goals, structure and targeted groups of customers.  Competing Political, sustainability of the Physical Environment, Advances in Science and Technology Cultural As per the new market it is hard cope up with diverse cultural factors involved, Cultural, and Religious Ideologies. Regional, cultural groups may involve in restricting the foreign companies to enter in the market to nationalise the trade. Suppliers Suppliers of raw material and various inventories for production as it may impact on cost of production and it may change from market to market factors change. 5. Example related to Internationalisation Various industries in automobile have approached this kind of strategy in strong global competition. Such as SKODA, VOLKSWAGEN, VOLVO, GENERAL MOTORS, and Productivity within the industry has risen over the years, and consumers are offered increasingly better products at lower prices. More and more manufacturers are establishing plants in countries where production costs are considerably lower and also purchasing more components there. In time, production costs for the major producers will essentially be at the same level. 5.1 Strategies Most of these companies have first started with exporting the products and then after studying market started their production in developing nations. The Volkswagen Group safeguards its future through local production operations with integrated growth in markets such as China, India and Russia. Worldwide, the Volkswagen Group has 61 production facilities in 21 countries. General motors and Skoda have their production houses in developing nations where the cost of production is less as compared to exporting the products. In case of VOLVO about 95% of the companys production capacity is located in Sweden, Belgium, Brazil and the USA. But the company is moving towards low cost of production countries such as China, India and about 22% of their production is from Brazil. Continuing to cut costs and drive out complexity in all aspects of operations. 5.2 More efficient purchasing Purchasing is another area where we have implemented changes in order to improve our cost position; mainly through better coordination at the global level they have also intensified our cooperation with suppliers in order to cut the costs of components. [But] there is a good deal still to be done. Among other things, we are increasing the share of purchases from low-cost countries. 5.3 Moving production to low-cost countries There has been change in the business model for units that could be considered as non-core operations or in which profitability was too low. [For example], instead of continuing production in the US and EUROPEN nations, which was less and in some cases non profitable, they have started to out-source their products from the manufacturers in China and Brazil and India. Maintaining competitive production in the changing the business models. It is also important to continue relocating production from high-cost to low-cost countries. Most of companies goals are too achieved by 2012. Sources: Companies website: www.volvo.com/trucks,www.gm.com www.volkswagen.com/annualreport, www.new.skoda-auto.com 6. The Process of Internationalisation Internationalisation fundamentally alters the price-setting strategies of domestic economic agents. This is true for agents operating in product markets, factor markets and financial markets. At a micro level, internationalisation directly alters pricing behaviour by deepening product and factor markets. More potential buyers and sellers imply greater competition and a reduction in excess returns. At a macro level, internationalisation also has the potential to change the incentives faced by public policy makers (David Gruen and Geoffrey Shuetrim 1994.P.312) From the above definition it can be derived that trade between two or more nation where there is potential buyers and sellers of good in which the pricing behaviours may alter from product and various factors involved in market which directly or indirectly benefits consumers .The factors involved in these process may vary from place to place but to enter new market knowledge is essential. It can be complex as policy and regulations change as per the market. It can make potential market for customers. There are various trade unions to promote international trade such as WTO World Trade Organisation, EU European union , ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations, NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement ,AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area, COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. They encourage the trade within the members union. 7. Main challenges in Internationalisation The informal trade barriers for internationalisation are such as lack of information on business opportunities and weak contract enforcement. The Financial burden such as exchange rate risk, political risk and credit risk as they may change as per the market secure local trade. Foreign regulatory environment can change the norms of trade for the industries. The lack of domestic support structure in way of financial support, advice by responsible people can make a change. Cultural and linguistic barriers cannot be changed as we have seen in case of various fast food companies e.g.: K.F.C in India and Japan. The geographic distance between nations can make impact on their trade system. There must be two way communications among countries members which are involved in the system. As the market changes there has to be innovation in the product which suits to the market. Absence of specialised labour in work force can be challenging impact on organisation in internationalisation of market. There has to promotion of networks to gather information about new market. The border zones and cross-border cooperation in various nations the cross-border situation is critical most of the times these may impact on system. 8. CONLIUSION This report is made to analysis the internationalisation is widely seen to be the dominant tendency of our time and it is very complex process and not easy to apply in practical. There various macro aspects have affect the decision making process of organisation. These factors can be taken under control by the firms. According to the report it is specified that after using the processes there can proper utilization of resources the organisation can minimize the cost of production. The internationalisation is challenging process with changing markets and foreign regulatory environments. Moving production to low-cost countries is effective factor in internationalisation as it can be efficient utilization of investment in new market. There are various organisations which help in the process as WTO, EU, and ASEAN.