Does the death of the body constitute death of the person Essay Example

Does the death of the body constitute death of the person? Essay Death of the body and death of the person hold different meanings according to physicians, theologists, transplant surgeons and the public. Since the eighteenth century, biological death has focused on either the centralist or decentralist theory, which have shifted from the cessation of the heart to define death, to a more overall view of the body. Firstly, it is important to outline the historical and contemporary definitions of death, including a consideration of the recent term brain-stemmed death (BSD) in relation to fears of confounding factors (Powner et al, 1996: 1219). When the body dies medically, all links with a former life are eradicated and the focus rapidly shifts to the next patient or donor recipient. However, for friends and relatives the deceased was a person with an identity, a past which will not be forgotten and this causes many to grieve and the persons social presence continues in their daily lives. The idea of a social death in relation to an actual death will be examined using examples of past and present rituals and beliefs such as, vampires and persistent vegetative state. Additionally, a brief consideration of the cultural differences between Japan and USA is necessary to question the passive acceptance of organ procurement and BSD in most of the developed world. 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This led to greater physician involvement and their role was to help preserve life and confirm death when necessary. Since the 18th century, two fundamental questions persist within the current cycles of debate, including centralist and decentralist theories, and the problem of apparent death or confoundling factors (Powner et al, 1996: 1219). Centralism is concerned with the body as a whole, which means that one organ, previously the heart, is the centre of all bodily functions and once it stops death is certified. This theory is linked to the contemporary term of brain stemmed death that is socially considered the centre of personhood which represents life, and once dead can often continue to exist in society. Decentralists consider the body as perhaps a more complex system and the whole organism represents life, therefore, all main organs need to cease functioning before burial and grieving can proceed. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, definitions of death have altered between a centralist and decentralist approach, but overall, neither has caused major debate, nor are they exceptionally diverse in context. More importantly, this reflects not only the ambiguous nature of death and unclear life/death boundaries, but the relatively passive acceptance that consciousness is what makes an individual recognisably alive a nd fully a person (Lock, 2002: 45). Ambivalence A false positive diagnosis of death further conveys the suggestion by Lock (2002), that the American and European public have been surprisingly trustworthy of the medical profession. Defining death is a complex process, especially when it is impossible to exclude moral, philosophical and religious attitudes towards life and death, regardless of scientific objectivity. However, in 1968 the Harvard Committee proposed a universal term, including a set of tests, to confirm the end of life and avoid confusion since resuscitation techniques became available for the heart and lungs (Powner et al, 1996: 1221). Brain stemmed death means that the brain no longer pumps blood and oxygen and the patient is in an irreversible coma, but this is controversial. If one can clearly diagnose death from one organ then the rest of the body becomes irrelevant, despite its complex biological make-up and symbol of life in society. This definition was announced a year after the first heart transplant and brain stemmed death is the optimal time to transplant organs, whereas if physicians were to wait for the heart to stop beating, most organs would not be suitable. However, from a moral perspective, the cadaveric donor could still be alive in terms of a beating heart and warm body, suggesting a conflict between biological death and cultural definitions of the person. If a daughter had recently been pronounced dead, a mother may physically and emotionally still see a much loved, living person who is sleeping and find to it hard to perceive the corpse as an organ donor. Organ transplantation and death have since been intricately linked, yet one must also separate the notion of a dying donor and the needs of an organ recipient. There is clearly a differentiation between death as an event for physicians and death as a process for those grieving, which highlights the ambiguity of a dead body and dead person. To avoid confounding factors, in 1981 the Presidents Commission Report (USA) ensured there would be no confusion between persistent vegetative state (PVS) and BSD (Powner et al, 1996: 1220). PVS is medically different from BSD as the lower brain continues to function by pumping blood to the brain and breathing unaided, whereas whole brain death is similar to decapitation. PVS can persist for years with no improvement, but the person is still capable of reflexes and minimal communication and cannot, therefore be declared dead. However, other conditions, such as cartalepsy and hypothermia, have highlighted the difficulty doctors have in ensuring a patient is actually dead. In 1984, Diane Leslie spent hours in a morgue due to her condition of cartalepsy which portrays a death-like appearance, yet returned home four hours later and now lives in Canada (Scream, Discovery Channel). Life after death? If the medical profession can confuse life and death, then it is understandable that different cultures often have interesting and divergent perceptions of the death of a body and death of a person. Death is defined by the whole brain ceasing to function, but the brain is also where personality, identity and social interaction are processed and expressed. A person has a biography which involved contact with friends and relatives, thus, even if the body is immediately a corpse after diagnosis, it would be impossible to expect bereavement to simply involve counselling to detach and move on from the dead (Walter, 1996: 10). Grief is not universal and can vary from talking to those who knew the deceased to inner emotional turmoil. Therefore, one must consider the social definition of death and to what extent the dichotomies of life (culture)/ death (nature) can be defined by physicians. Belief in the afterlife is a psychological response to a fear of the unknown, but social values often eradicate this instability by developing stories and myths surrounding death. Hence, human beings envisage a degree of continuation of the person that lived inside the body for their own sanity in the real world, or one would have to question whether the individual has any superiority over a corpse. In Chrisitianity, there is a firm belief that ones path is chosen and believers can find peace when they die, perhaps explaining why 90% of British people believe in some form of religion. Ideologies of vampires, clairvoyancy and ghosts are further examples of past and present attempts to either extend the life of an individual, or to physically express fear of the dead. Tarot cards and clairvoyants are constructions of late-modern society that attempt to contact the dead, conveying a strong disassociation between the death of the body and death of the person for many. Vampires have had a long history and the myth continues today in the media and childrens imagination, emphasising a connection between life and death from a young age. This indicates the possibility of a social presence for disembodied persons, which although imaginary, can be felt by hallucinating or even praying to a spirit, that helps to keep alive the memory of someone recently deceased (Hallam et al, 1996: 6). Like PVS, they are hybrids that confuse the boundaries between life and death, that is; vampires are biologically dead but socially alive to a child, yet vegetables can be biologically alive but socially dead to a relative. This suggests the construction of a social presence after death and once the body dies, new meanings are attached to attempt a continuation of the mind or soul to delay the transition from life to death. Japan In Japan the cultural understanding of nature is different from the West and many dislike or fear the unnatural. Some Japanese believe that the body must be treated with utmost respect, and if tampered with or disrespected, spirits never settle and become immortal (Lock, 1995: 15). A human being is a complex social being with a capacity to express individuality through emotional and physical performances. Everyday choices allow one to express there self-identity physically through clothes, exercise and mannerisms, yet its symbolic value becomes nothing when dead. However, it is important to consider why Japan has such a traditional sentiment towards the body, whilst the USA and Europe pursue organ transplantation with little contemplation of the religious or natural meaning of the body. In Western societies, improvements in techniques of preserving and transplanting cadaveric organs have emphasised how greatly the dead can contribute to the living (Lamb, 1990: 117). USA and European objectified approach to death is part of an overall acceptance to protect the living by organ donation. However, Japan only recently legalised BSD in 1997, as the medical definition of death. For 25 years, it has caused much controversy and debates based on the meaning of culture and nature in relation to life and death. Despite parallel technological advancement and modernisation, Japan has often feared Westernisation and fought to retain their uniqueness. As the social significance of individual death has not been subordinated to a medicalised, objective death, Japanese culture clearly have different connotations of the death, the body and a social identity when one dies (Lock, 1995: 35). BSD has been reluctantly accepted by some, due to the ambiguous nature of death which means that a heart-beating cadaverer can still have its organs transplanted. Japans first and last heart transplant in 1968 resulted in the premature death of the recipient and consequent arrest of the surgeon for six years (Lock, 1995: 13). Despite an overall distrust of the medical profession, Japanese have a history of tradition, nostalgia and ancestry to suggest a deep rooted cultural meaning of culture and nature. Life is separated from death in terms of it being a natural process, and many [neurologists] hesitate to encourage relatives to think of brain-dead patients as dead (Lock, 2002: 38). This conveys a society still divided by cultural attachments to the body and whether it deserves a similar respect to the spirit that can exist after death. Social death Aging is a good example of a death that is an event for physicians, but for those grieving it is a process which entails a clinical death of the body and a social death of the person. As one gets older, a retirement home is often the first stage of the death sequence, beginning with social exclusion by staff and relatives. Children gradually prepare themselves for a parent to die once they have retired or ill health is evident. Once biological death has occurred, social death, that is the final stage of emotional involvement with the person, may coincide. This is because friends and relatives may have sufficiently prepared themselves to find an appropriate place for the dead in ones life (Watter, 1996: 12). However, this is not always possible for a parent who loses a child or widow who loses a lifelong partner. In the 19th century, social death was treated extremely differently from late-modern rituals, especially for the middle class. Grieving was the responsibility of Victorian women who were to keep alive the memory of the dead for as long as deemed necessary by societal values. Each relative would be assigned a suitable period of mourning and at the extreme, as a widow, the lady was expected to be socially isolated for 3 months and wear black for 1 year (Mulkay ; Ernst, 1991: 183). This emphasises the difference between a biological death and a social death, which for many can take from months to years. Furthermore, grief is obviously an individual process but in the 19th century, mourning was a cultural ritual that was to be conveyed physically and emotionally to lengthen the social presence of the dead. A contemporary understanding of disembodiment was described in a recent study of widows in mid-Wales called The Hallucination of Widowhood. Rees (1971; in Mulkay ; Ernst, 1991) interviewed 227 widows and 137 reported some sort of hallucinations or experiences of the dead partner, some for years after. Death is clearly an complex, socially infused activity and for those who lose a partner they cannot immediately move on due to the close bonds developed over time. Like the loss of a child, grieving takes on different forms, including talking to the deceased or visiting a grave, but this is not to be confused with insanity or belief in the supernatural. Social death is a natural process that in late modernity, society should allow individuals to decide whether they want to move on or simply adjust and find a place for the loved one in their lives. Ultimately, those bereaved should be reassured that they may retain the deceased instead of moving on as presumed by bereavement counselling (Walters, 1996: 23). Conclusion Death clearly has different meanings for the physicians treating the patient and those who were related to, or friends with, the deceased. Its definition has involved controversial discussions for centuries to determine the what constitutes death and ensure no mistakes are made in determining the end of life. Recent adoption of the term BSD in Japan, compared to the USA and Europe, has highlighted a more traditional attachment to the body and uncertainty surrounding cadaveric organ donors. Social and cultural death will rarely coincide with biological death and for an elderly person, they may be socially dead but biologically alive. In contrast, a widow or parent accepts the absence of a body but continues a social bond with the deceased through a variety or rituals. In conclusion, since the afterlife is unknown and the body decomposes, cultures establish different ways of continuing the existence of the dead due to the complexity of the death of a body and the attached social and se lf-identity.

reniasance essays

reniasance essays The word renaissance, meaning rebirth is perfect to describe the renaissance because the renaissance was a period of creativity and rediscovery (Farah and Karls 402). Developments in art, architecture and literature spread from Italy to the rest of Europe as people revisited the past stories of Greek and Roman culture. These are just a few reasons why the Renaissance period should be seen as a great time of cultural evolution that paved the way for everything that was to follow. Art during the renaissance was full of complex painting and phenomenal sculpture. Italian sculptors went back in time to reflect on classical ideals of free - standing statues of nude figures that resembled those of Greek and Roman sculpture. Painters of the renaissance also used a more realistic style of painting than that of the medieval times. Medieval painting was quite flat and boring while renaissance painting was very detailed and thought out. Much like art, architecture took a step back in time during the renaissance to a classical style of building. The rebirth of such ideas was necessary to the construction of many structures during the renaissance, such as churches, palaces, and villas. On such structures, architects used columns and domes, which were used in the days of Greek and Roman, rule, instead of arches and spires found on medieval structures. Some of the most impressive and most important structures every constructed, were built during the time of renaissance and reformation. Literature of the renaissance also took a step back in time to the days of Greek and Roman rule. Interest in ancient Greece and Rome moved artists to include classical mythology as well as biblical themes in their works. The renaissance was especially known for drama. Such playwrights as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe drew some of their ideas from classical mythology and histories of ancient Rome. ...

Book Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Book Report - Essay Example Since its inception, the trend of watching television is growing and evolving. Latest research reveals that the growth in this trend is becoming explosive with new technologies and their prevalent use by youngsters. In her book, â€Å"Television and Child Development,† a psychologist from University of Waterloo, Judith Van Evra presents a comprehensive summary of research about the impact of television and other media on children’s physical, psychological, emotional and social development. She integrates the currently known research from child development, communication and cognitive and psychological domains to present a balanced view that reveals the complications and layers of the relationship between children’s interaction with media and other factors influencing their perceptions. In this comprehensive third edition, Evra has included seven new chapters in addition to updating the previous chapters. Now, the book also includes research about media other than television, for instance, realistic video games, mobile phones, pagers, DVDs, computers, internet, cable and other wireless devices. However, major emphasis is laid on the research with developmental approach towards the interaction between television and children (Bachen, 2007). Newly added chapters explore research methodology, cultural diversity and stereotypes. It includes current perceptions, changing lifestyles, health preferences, nutrition, body image, sexual behaviors, drug and alcohol addiction, internet and media influence on social and behavioral aspects of a child’s development. Two chapters are particularly dedicated to the utilization of modern technology for getting instant and speedy information through internet, influence of internet advertising and entertainment technology, such as music and video games which create gender and social differences, and aggression among children. New addition also covers intervention strategies, media literacy, technological aids,

Public Administration The Good, The Bad, The Ugly Research Paper

Public Administration The Good, The Bad, The Ugly - Research Paper Example However, the failure of the House Republicans to endorse the process compelled President Obama to come up with immigration accountability executive actions. The actions target to provide a mechanism for fighting illegal crossing at the borders; deport felons who upset national security and overall public safety without including their families and running a background check of the undocumented illegal immigrants. The check will prompt the workers to pay their taxes legally and offer temporary stay before the payment (The White House, 2015). A regulatory public policy supports the move by the president to put an end to the illegal population in United States. A regulatory policy is aimed at limiting the actions of any person, group or organization to protect the general public or the portion of the public that is directly affected by those actions. Remarkably, a number of regulations aim at reducing criminal or illegal activities. The administration policies focus on regulating the practices of businesses to ensure that they uphold fair and competitive practices for all American citizens. Both state and federal government carry out the regulatory efforts to monitor organizations or agencies that upset stability of the economy. The propositions by the Obama government about immigration are built on the existing Immigration and National Act. The Immigration and National Act is a public policy that was created first in 1952 (West, 2010). The immigration law has so far received new provisions and reorganization in terms of structure. The government noted the need to reinforce homeland security procedures, governance of corporations and financial institutions following the rampant cases of terrorist activities and the turbulent state of the economy. The authority and regulatory grip of the government will be expanded if the entire congress and the senate endorse the proposed reforms. The previous governments have constituted the regulatory

The Kite Runner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Kite Runner - Essay Example nd at the same time enervating bond with his Hazara servant Hassan as evinced by the line â€Å"Did you know Hassan and you fed from the same breast (Hosseini 64).† In that context the dynamics of friendship between Amir and Hassan happens to be strange and peculiar, verging on the borders of what may be called a misplaced sibling rivalry, while at the same time being strengthened by bonds that only could be cast and preserved through blood. At the same time this friendship is marked by strong undertones of guilt affiliated to Amir, owing to his inability to show support and empathy for a friend, who is always willing to go beyond oneself to assure his happiness. This friendship carries the burden of an atrocity that though known to both the friends, born by one and callously sidelined and evaded by the other, never showing any inclination to bring it to the surface. The irony is that even Amir is also aware that Hassan is more than willing to let him go with his evasive stanc e, as he says â€Å"And that was as close as Hassan and I ever came to discussing what had happened in the alley (Hosseini 69).† Being in an immature phase of his life, Amir is totally possessed by the need for soliciting the approval of his father, further bolstered by his innate guilt of jilting Hassan when he most needed his support and sympathy, to the extent that he does not hesitate from planting Hassan in a stealing incident. The burden of the guilt becomes too much of an obsession with Amir and in his conscience he ends up believing that he could only redeem his peace back by pushing Hassan out of his life as he says, â€Å"I want you to stop harassing me. I want you to go away (Hosseini 77).† However, as Amir matures to being a young man in a world far away from Afghanistan, he eventually realizes the need to expunge himself of his guilt and betrayal by going back to Afghanistan to find Hassan’s son. Finally when Amir manages to solicit a lopsided smile from Hassan’s son in climax,

Understanding The Definition Of Internationalisation Systems Commerce Essay

Understanding The Definition Of Internationalisation Systems Commerce Essay Internationalization consists of standardized products or service through globally standardized marketing and production processes that target standardized customer needs. Internationalisation can be described as the process of increasing involvement in international operations (Welch Luostarinen, 1988: 36). Another definition proposed by Calof and Beamish (1995: 116) denotes internationalization as the process of adapting firms operations (strategy, structure, resources, etc) to international environments. Kutschker and Bà ¤urle (1997) as both definitions have crucial fact internationalisation needs an overall support from the organisation as it is changing the environment to expand in various manners the process mostly consists of macro factors to evolve. 3. The Uppsala Approach in detail The Uppsala approach was an outcome of Swedish researchers (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977) which focused their interest on the internationalization process. Studying the internationalization of Swedish manufacturing firms, they developed a model of the firms choice of market and form of entry when going abroad. Their work was influenced by Aharonis seminal (1966) study. (Svend and Hollensen2004) It is seen that companies begin their operations in abroad in fairly nearby market and gradually penetrated distant market. Companies should entry in new market with the export agents and sales subsidiaries. The approach specifies direct relation between market knowledge and market commitment is postulated, as knowledge can be gathered with effective use of human resources. Consequently, the better knowledge about a market can be derived, the more valuable are the resources and the stronger the market position of the firm. Uppsala approach requires general knowledge and market specific knowledge, where as market specific knowledge can be derived from practical experiences by entering the new market. However the approach stress on experimental learning as it cannot be acquired by objective knowledge (e.g., through marketing researches or reports) and must be gained mainly through direct experience. As the approach deals with experimental learning the human resource should be managed i n proper manner. It has distinguished between four different modes of entering an international market, where the successive stages represent higher degrees of international involvement market commitment. They as follow Stage 1: No regular export activities (sporadic export). Stage 2: Export via independent representatives (export modes). Stage 3: Establishment of a foreign sales subsidiary. Stage 4: Foreign production manufacturing units These four stages deal with as no regular export activities in new market and knowing the market by experimental learning which helps in utilization of resources in effective ways. Exporting through independent agent can be suitable way of entering in new market as most of the firms prefer the way of entry. Consequently, the threats and opportunities in a new market will be discovered primarily by those people who are working there. Experience generates business opportunities and constitutes a driving force in the internationalization process (Johanson and Vahlne, 1990: 33). The model is founded on four core concepts: Market knowledge, market commitment, commitment decisions and current activities. Market knowledge and market commitment at a certain point in time are assumed to affect the commitment decisions and how the activities are carried out in the subsequent period, which in its turn will influence market knowledge and market commitment at later stages. On the basis of these four concepts, and by making the assumption of instrumentalism, the model predicts that the basic pattern of firms internationalization is to start and continue to invest in just one or in a few neighbouring countries, rather than to invest in several countries simultaneously and That the investments in a specific country are carried out cautiously, sequentially and concurrently with the learning of the firms people operating in that market. Firms are supposed to enter new markets with successively greater psychic distance and the market investments develop according to the so called establishment chain. Mats Forsgren. (2000.p5) This model deals with entering new market which is nearby or investing in single country rather than making a mess. It has leapfrogging tendency which allows entering in distant market. It shows companies can learn from their past experiences and practical knowledge. In these cases, competitive forces and factors override psychic distance as the principal explanatory factor for the firms process of internationalization. Furthermore, if knowledge of transactions can be transferred from one country to another, firms with extensive international experience are likely to perceive the psychic distance to a new country as shorter than firms with little international experience it can affect the smaller firms in case of psychic distances. The approach requires long term involvement in market to gain knowledge. The approach can be cost efficient to apply at initial stage but can take long time evolve the production barriers. The approach underlies crucial importance people interest involved in the process. By sales subsidiaries it can be easy to find problems and opportunities in the market. 3.1 Advantages It deals with indirect exporting of product with help of external export agents or merchants. Low cost entry method which helps using capital in other factors quickest way of entering the new markets. Establishing foreign sales subsidiaries can help increase sales, potential customer base in market and creates market awareness about the product which identifies customer tastes and cultural factors which may change as per new market. By using foreign manufacturing unit labour cost and cost of production can be minimized. Drawbacks Occasional exporting of goods can divert customers interest. Lack of knowledge in initial phase as the exporting is done by agents or exporting merchants. Inter-organizational learning in a business network implies that deep and long-lasting business relationships facilitate the assimilation of tacit knowledge from the different factors in the market. Human resources development programmes should be to gather knowledge about market. The Uppsala Model implies that different groups at the operational level have a profound influence on the internationalization process. It is a relatively extreme bottom-up perspective, where the bottom plays the leading part and the headquarters play walk-on parts. It is not ease to apply for small firms in case of psychic distance. 4. Macro environmental forces and impact on an organisations internationalisation decision-making process. Partnerships As Partnerships and Alliances are increasing as companies realize it is not always desirable to manage all stages. These may mislead when the organisation wants go solo in the market as culture integration, domestic or international, are mentioned as the biggest challenges for alliances. Distribution channels The distribution channels may affect as carrying products to various place where there is lack roadways or long distance it may cost more than estimation cost of distribution of material to market. Technological Technology continues to exert the biggest current and future impact on organizations. At the same time the Internet and intranets are changing the way employees interact with customers and each other. It needs innovation in the technology and manufacturing process, the services should be customer friendly, fast reaction, and acceptance of change. Competitors They may create obstacles in entering the market and provide misleading informations about market to stop new firms and may create monopoly for some products. Public pressure groups These factors directly affect or impact the organization and they influence the managerial decision, the organizational goals, structure and targeted groups of customers.  Competing Political, sustainability of the Physical Environment, Advances in Science and Technology Cultural As per the new market it is hard cope up with diverse cultural factors involved, Cultural, and Religious Ideologies. Regional, cultural groups may involve in restricting the foreign companies to enter in the market to nationalise the trade. Suppliers Suppliers of raw material and various inventories for production as it may impact on cost of production and it may change from market to market factors change. 5. Example related to Internationalisation Various industries in automobile have approached this kind of strategy in strong global competition. Such as SKODA, VOLKSWAGEN, VOLVO, GENERAL MOTORS, and Productivity within the industry has risen over the years, and consumers are offered increasingly better products at lower prices. More and more manufacturers are establishing plants in countries where production costs are considerably lower and also purchasing more components there. In time, production costs for the major producers will essentially be at the same level. 5.1 Strategies Most of these companies have first started with exporting the products and then after studying market started their production in developing nations. The Volkswagen Group safeguards its future through local production operations with integrated growth in markets such as China, India and Russia. Worldwide, the Volkswagen Group has 61 production facilities in 21 countries. General motors and Skoda have their production houses in developing nations where the cost of production is less as compared to exporting the products. In case of VOLVO about 95% of the companys production capacity is located in Sweden, Belgium, Brazil and the USA. But the company is moving towards low cost of production countries such as China, India and about 22% of their production is from Brazil. Continuing to cut costs and drive out complexity in all aspects of operations. 5.2 More efficient purchasing Purchasing is another area where we have implemented changes in order to improve our cost position; mainly through better coordination at the global level they have also intensified our cooperation with suppliers in order to cut the costs of components. [But] there is a good deal still to be done. Among other things, we are increasing the share of purchases from low-cost countries. 5.3 Moving production to low-cost countries There has been change in the business model for units that could be considered as non-core operations or in which profitability was too low. [For example], instead of continuing production in the US and EUROPEN nations, which was less and in some cases non profitable, they have started to out-source their products from the manufacturers in China and Brazil and India. Maintaining competitive production in the changing the business models. It is also important to continue relocating production from high-cost to low-cost countries. Most of companies goals are too achieved by 2012. Sources: Companies website: www.volvo.com/trucks,www.gm.com www.volkswagen.com/annualreport, www.new.skoda-auto.com 6. The Process of Internationalisation Internationalisation fundamentally alters the price-setting strategies of domestic economic agents. This is true for agents operating in product markets, factor markets and financial markets. At a micro level, internationalisation directly alters pricing behaviour by deepening product and factor markets. More potential buyers and sellers imply greater competition and a reduction in excess returns. At a macro level, internationalisation also has the potential to change the incentives faced by public policy makers (David Gruen and Geoffrey Shuetrim 1994.P.312) From the above definition it can be derived that trade between two or more nation where there is potential buyers and sellers of good in which the pricing behaviours may alter from product and various factors involved in market which directly or indirectly benefits consumers .The factors involved in these process may vary from place to place but to enter new market knowledge is essential. It can be complex as policy and regulations change as per the market. It can make potential market for customers. There are various trade unions to promote international trade such as WTO World Trade Organisation, EU European union , ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations, NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement ,AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area, COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. They encourage the trade within the members union. 7. Main challenges in Internationalisation The informal trade barriers for internationalisation are such as lack of information on business opportunities and weak contract enforcement. The Financial burden such as exchange rate risk, political risk and credit risk as they may change as per the market secure local trade. Foreign regulatory environment can change the norms of trade for the industries. The lack of domestic support structure in way of financial support, advice by responsible people can make a change. Cultural and linguistic barriers cannot be changed as we have seen in case of various fast food companies e.g.: K.F.C in India and Japan. The geographic distance between nations can make impact on their trade system. There must be two way communications among countries members which are involved in the system. As the market changes there has to be innovation in the product which suits to the market. Absence of specialised labour in work force can be challenging impact on organisation in internationalisation of market. There has to promotion of networks to gather information about new market. The border zones and cross-border cooperation in various nations the cross-border situation is critical most of the times these may impact on system. 8. CONLIUSION This report is made to analysis the internationalisation is widely seen to be the dominant tendency of our time and it is very complex process and not easy to apply in practical. There various macro aspects have affect the decision making process of organisation. These factors can be taken under control by the firms. According to the report it is specified that after using the processes there can proper utilization of resources the organisation can minimize the cost of production. The internationalisation is challenging process with changing markets and foreign regulatory environments. Moving production to low-cost countries is effective factor in internationalisation as it can be efficient utilization of investment in new market. There are various organisations which help in the process as WTO, EU, and ASEAN.

Letter of Motivation Essays -- essays papers

Letter of Motivation My educational background is quite diverse. I spent my last three years at the Geelong College Australia, and have successfully finished year 12 there. My choices of subjects reflected the diversity of my interests - English, Mathematics, International Studies, Legal Studies, and Economics. I excelled in International Studies and was awarded Academic Merit. Upon my return to Surabaya at the start of year 1999, I attended IBMT (Institute of Business Management and Technology), an International University which follows the United States curriculum, at which I majored in International Management. The subjects I took were: Accounting I and II, Sociology, Psychology, World Civilization, English Composition, Public Speaking, and Organizational Management. I finished the semester with a GPA of 3.6. The excellent quality of the University, as well as helpful teachers and friends, have contributed immensely to my success. In the classroom I can do much more than to warm the seat; I can add a lot to class discussions. As I have grown older and more mature, I have begun to realise the value and significance of helping others and contributing to my surrounding community. I was involved in many clubs and social activities such as the United Nations Youth Conferences, Geelong Radio Station, Peer Education Street Theatre, 40 Hours Famine Committee, Amnesty International, a badminton club and basketball club. I also value very much my work experience at Weight...